Review of SAKURA project: Japanese safety assurance initiative for ADS development

SAKURA project followed PEGASUS to advance scenario-based safety evaluation of ADS (or CCAM) as Japanese governmental funded project and wrapped up in March, 2026. As a result, a safety evaluation framework including comprehensive scenario catalog is published by joint effort with JAMA and scenario database is implemented. Also, some parts of the framework are reflected in UN-R157 and ISO34502. We would also emphasize the importance of further international harmonization to handle new technologies, such as E2E AI.